Zeynolabedin Jafari; Majid Movahhed; Seyyed Saeed Zahed Zahedani; Esfandiar Ghaffari Nasab
Abstract
This study, based on the Critical Realism paradigm, investigates the social contexts and structures and causal mechanisms which lead to men's cosmetic surgery in Tehran and their dialectical relationship with human agency. The methodology of the research is based on Amber Fletcher's three-step ...
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This study, based on the Critical Realism paradigm, investigates the social contexts and structures and causal mechanisms which lead to men's cosmetic surgery in Tehran and their dialectical relationship with human agency. The methodology of the research is based on Amber Fletcher's three-step method includes description, deduction and retroduction. For this purpose, two groups of data were collected: the quantitative data which extracted from previous national surveys and the qualitative data that obtained through in-depth semi-structured interviews with cosmetic surgeons (n = 10) and the men who have received cosmetic surgery services(n = 14). The findings show that body image dissatisfaction, increasing of self-esteem, social approval and better social communication were among men's internal motivations for proceeding cosmetic surgery. The women and celebrities has acted as men's external encouragers. Limited surgical centers, reducing the gap between cosmetic surgery costs and middle-class income, a lack of diversity in accepted forms of identity displaying, Increasing growth of virtual social networks, the booming cosmetic surgery market, and diminishing social importance of religion, have provided necessary contexts and social conditions for men's aesthetic surgery. The transition of Iranian society from traditionalism to modernism, medicalization of the aesthetic field, increasing growth of materialistic values, policy of releasing the medical space of the community by the Ministry of Health, growth of self-centeredness and the decline of generalized trust were among the social structures and causal mechanisms which emergenced and expanded men's cosmetic surgery in Tehran.
Majid Movahhed; najmeh shahbazi; Zahra Moaven
Abstract
Contact sex as one of human needs, over the centuries with differently shaped patterns.The aim of this study was to explore the underlying factors and reasons prostitutes.The methodology used to achieve this goal was the Grounded Theory. Twenty-two women who referred to the .D.I.C. House of Tehran Sun. ...
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Contact sex as one of human needs, over the centuries with differently shaped patterns.The aim of this study was to explore the underlying factors and reasons prostitutes.The methodology used to achieve this goal was the Grounded Theory. Twenty-two women who referred to the .D.I.C. House of Tehran Sun. participated in this research. They were selected using purposeful and theoretical sampling. The data were analyzed using deep interviewing method and analyzed using triple coding techniques. . In general, in the process of data analysis, more than 6 concepts, which are: Experience sexual harassment, Family disruption, Economic need, addiction, inherent failure, revenge and 3 categories: family factors, social backgrounds and psychological factors.
