The Sociological Study of Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Ethnocentrism among Youth in Tabriz City

Document Type : .

Authors

Abstract

 In recent decades due to technological advances, increasing cross-cultural communication, and necessity to identify cultural differences, in order to effective function in cultural diversity situations, Learning some skills and capabilities is essential. Cultural intelligence have been proposed as one of the key capabilities to adapt effectively to new cultural contexts. The purpose of the present study was describe and proposing a theoretical framework about cultural intelligence and its four dimensions (cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, and behavioral ), as a cultural variable influencing ethnocentrism. Using survey, data collected from over 384 young citizens of 18 to 29 years old residing in Tabriz. In order to collecting data the questionnaire had been used. The results indicated that there was positive significant relationship between each dimension of cultural intelligence with ethnocentrism. Also, statistical analysis’s results (t-test) showed that among understudy demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, marital status, occupation type, and income), the youth’s average ethnicentrism is different according to their gender.

Keywords


- ابزری ﻣﻬﺪی، اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻳﺎن اﻛﺒﺮ و خانی اﻋﻈﻢ (۱۳۸۹). «ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻮش ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ(ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ: اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ )»، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ  ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺤﻮل، ﺳﺎل دوم، ﺷﻤﺎرة۴ .
- احمدی یعقوب، و وحید قاسمی (١٣۹١ ). «اثر همدلی فرهنگی، ابتکار اجتماعی و قوم گرایی بر هوش فرهنگی»، راهبرد فرهنگ، شماره ٢۰، صص١٢۹ـ١۵٤.
ـ افشار سیمین (۱۳۹۳). «بررسی میزان هوش فرهنگی و عوامل اجتماعی موثر بر آن در بین دانشجویان خوابگاهی دانشگاه تبریز»، دانشگاه تبریز، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد.
ـ رجب بیگی مجتبی، امیرخانی طیبه، محمدپور مریم و مریم فریدی خورشیدی(۱۳۹۲). «هوش‌ فرهنگی‌ و ‌رفتار ‌شهروندی‌ سازمانی»، چشم انداز مدیریت دولتی، سال چهارم، شماره ۱۳،صص .
ـ علائی سوسن (۱۳۹۲). «مدیریت دانش هوش فرهنگی در تعامل با فرهنگ های ملی، قومی و سازمانی»، مهندسی فرهنگی، سال هشتم، شماره ۷۵، صص۱۱۰-۹۲.
ـ  علائی سوسن و میرمحمدی مهسا (۱۳۹۲). «بررسی نقش و اهمیت هوش فرهنگی در مدیریت فرهنگی»، مهندسی فرهنگی، سال هشتم، شماره ۷۷.
ـ قادرزاده، امید و شفیعی نیا، عباس(۱۳۹۱). « تأثیر ساختار اجتماعی آموزش بر قوم گرایی دانشجویان »، علوم اجتماعی(دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی)، شماره ۵۹، صص ۲۰۶-۱۶۵.
ـ قادرزاده،امید و عبدالله زاده،خالد(۱۳۹۱). «حساسیت بین فرهنگی در اجتماعات قومی در ایران؛ مورد مطالعه اقوام ترک و کرد در شهر قروه»، علوم اجتماعی (دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد)، شماره۱۹، صص ۱۵۴-۱۱۹.
ـ لیورمور، دیوید(۱۳۹۰).«‌رهبری با هوش فرهنگی رمز‌ جدید موفقیت»، ترجمه سوسن علائی، اصفهان: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی.
ـ یزدخواستی گیسو، وحید قاسمی و فریدون وحیدا(١٣۹۰).«رابطه تماس های بین فرهنگی؛تحلیل نظری و تجربی»،تحقیقات فرهنگی،شماره ١٤،صص١٣٣ـ١٦٢.
 
- Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J. & Tay, C. (2007). "Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance" , Management and Organization Review 3, 335-371.
- Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2008)."Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network", In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (pp. 3–15). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
ـ Bennett, J. M. (2004). "Becoming interculturally competent" , Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education, (2nd ed.), pp. 62-77.
ـ Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004)." Developing intercultural sensitivity: An Integrative approach to global and domestic diversity", In D. Landis, J. M. Bennett, & M. J. Bennett (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (pp. 147-165). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.  
ـ Berry, J. W., & Kalin, R. (1995). "Multicultural and ethnic attitudes in Canada: An  Overview of the 1991 national survey", Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 27, 301-320.
-Bircan, T., Hooghe, M. (2010). "Ethnic Diversity, Perceptions of Ethnic Diversity and Ethnocentrism. A Multilevel Analysis of Ethnocentrism in Belgian Communities". World Congress of Sociology. Göteborg, Sweden, 11-17 July 2010.
ـ Chen, G.. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2004). "Communication among cultural diversities: A  Dialogue", International and Intercultural Communication Annual, 27, 3-16.
ـ Dong, Q. , Day, K. D. and Collaco, C. M. (2008)."Overcoming Ethnocentrism Through Developing Intercultural Communication Sensitivity and Multiculturalism", Human Communication.A Publication of the Pacific and Asian Communication Association.Vol. 11, No.1, pp. 27 – 38. 
 ـ Earley , P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). "Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures", Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
ـ Earley, P. Christopher; Peterson, Randall S, (2004). "The Elusive Cultural Chameleon: Cultural Intelligence as a New Approach to Intercultural Training for the Global Manager", Academy of Management Learning & Education;Mar2004, Vol. 3 Issue 1, p100.
ـ Fuller Thomas L.(2007). "Study Abroad Experiences and Intercultural Sensitivity among Graduate Theological Students: A Preliminary and Exploratory Investigation", Christian Higher Education, v6 n4 p 321-332.
ـ Greenholtz, J. (2000). "Accessing cross-cultural competence in transnational education:  The intercultural development inventory", Higher Education in Europe, 25(3), 411-416.
ـ Hooghe Marc,(2008)." Ethnocentrism" International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Philadelphia: MacMillan Reference, 2008.
ـ kellas J.Bade (2004). "The Poitics Of Nationalism And Ethnicity" ,(2nd edition) ,NewYork:ST Martins Press.
- Klopf, D. W. (1998). "Intercultural communication: The fundamentals of intercultural communication". Englewood, CO: Morton.
ـ Lin, Y., & Rancer, A. S. (2003). "Ethnocentrism, intercultural communication apprehension, intercultural willingness-to-communicate, and intentions to participate in an intercultural dialogue program: Testing a proposed model", Communication Research Reports, 20, 62-72.
ـ Neuliep, J. W. & McCroskey, J. C. (1997). "Development of a US and generalized ethnocentrism  scale", Communication Research Reports, 14, 385-398.
ـ Neuliep, J.W., Chaudoir, M., & McCroskey, J.C. (2001). "A cross-cultural comparison of  ethnocentrism among Japanese and United States college students" ,Communication Research Reports, 18(2), 137-146.
ـ Neuliep.J.W (2003)."Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach", (2ndedition), Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
ـ Peng, S. (2006). "A comparative perspective of intercultural sensitivity between college students and multinational employees in China", Multicultural Perspectives, 8(3), 38-45.
ـ Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L, & Annen, H. (2011). "Beyond general intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ): The role of cultural intelligence (CQ) on cross-border leadership effectiveness in a globalized world", Journal of Social Issues, 67: 825-840
ـ Shaffer M.A ;D A Harrison; H Gregersea; J S Black & L.A.Ferzandi (2006). "You can take it wish you individual diffrences and expatriate effectiveness", Journal of Applied Psycoigy, Number 91,pp109-125.
ـ Soldatovaa Galina, Marina Geera ,(2013)."Glocal Identity, Cultural Intlligence and Language Fluency", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 86,pp 469 – 474.
ـ Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K.-Y., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M.L., & Koh, C. (2012). "Sub-dimensions of the four factor model of cultural intelligence: Expanding the conceptualization and measurement of cultural intelligence (CQ)",Social and Personal Psychology: Compass, 6/4, 295-313.