Demands and characteristics of women's political and social movements During the constitutional revolution

The investigation of women's political and social movements during the constitutional revolution and their historical developments is based on the dominant historical discourses. The question of this research is what was the status of women's political and social movements during the constitutional revolution based on the characteristics and demands of women? The purpose of this research is based on the historical discourses of the constitutional period, the way of presence and participation and the conditions faced by women's movements from the point of view of the characteristics of the movements and their achievements. This research uses the method of historical studies with an analytical approach - Description, features and demands of women in the constitutional period. In order to address this research, there is a lack of research on the demands and characteristics of women's movements in terms of collective behavior, political struggle, direct and indirect action. From the findings of the research, some actions of women show that they are present with different strata of society with Economic demands are in the flow of movements such as the bread riots and.... and some cases,Women's conditions in women's social and political movements progressed from an exclusive form to collective institutions.
 
Keywords: Social, political movements, women, constitutional revolution, characteristics and demands .
 
The investigation of women's political and social movements during the constitutional revolution and their historical developments is based on the dominant historical discourses. The question of this research is what was the status of women's political and social movements during the constitutional revolution based on the characteristics and demands of women? The purpose of this research is based on the historical discourses of the constitutional period, the way of presence and participation and the conditions faced by the women's movements from the perspective of the characteristics of the movements and their achievements.
Research method
This research is based on the method of historical studies, with an analytical-descriptive approach, the characteristics and demands of women during the constitutional period. In order to address this research, there is a research gap regarding the demands and characteristics of women's movements in terms of collective behavior, political struggle, direct and indirect action.
Introduction
The constitutional period is the beginning of great changes in Iranian society in the modern period. The emergence of women activists in the political and social arenas of the constitutional period has brought with it the origin of important developments in the way of fighting the inequalities of this huge segment of the society. The study and research on social and political movements, although it is under the category of sociology and belongs to according to Giddens, social movements are an obvious feature of the modern world, but the study of history in the form of sociology is a framework that gives us a clear understanding of past and present events through the legal investigation of society and its transformation. From the participation and presence of women in social and political actions. From the Qajar period and then in the constitutional period to the formation of semi-secret women's associations and participation in various movements of that period to the formation and spread of publications, girls' schools in later periods and the formation of the Eastern Women's Congress and the participation of women in political parties and the formation of civil institutions, it has been coherently discussed.
Findings
The findings of this research, based on the discourses of the history of the constitutional period and the transition from the traditional period to the modern period, women raised their demands and actively participated in contemporary developments by direct and indirect presence. Analyzing the characteristics of women's presence and participation in the political and social movements of the constitutional period paves the way for the role and influence of women in Iranian society in moving forward. In this research, an attempt is made to answer this question: the role and position of women's political and social movements and their presence in the social and political developments of the constitutional period, which is the beginning of comprehensive changes in the field of women, with which characteristics and based on which of the society's opinions Scientists who have researched about women?
Scientific and theoretical study of women's movements according to the course of social and political developments of the constitutional period recounts various aspects and presents a clear picture of the visible and hidden role of women. The movements and presence of women in various dimensions in important and decisive periods of Iran and their role as an influential population is an important part of the life of the people of Iran. There is a research gap in this issue regarding women's movements and research in identifying the important components of movements (collective behavior, collective action, political struggle, direct and indirect action) in the forward movement of Iranian women. Movement is a kind of collective behavior that occurs among people because people have common understanding and expectations of political and social life. Women's actions to achieve common goals and transformative combinations of their interests and organizing and mobilizing opportunities and networking in strategic situations with role-playing, gain meaning and meaning, and by rereading the movements and analyzing the opportunities and threats that Iranian women They faced it with a historical view of the past.
Discussion and conclusion
Looking at the women's movement and their presence in the constitutional revolution, the following features can be found in women's movements in this period:
- Iran's women's movement is a historical trend with its highs and lows, descents and declines.
- This movement is affected by external currents and some internal necessities.
- Government and religion are two effective institutions in the formation of women's demands.
- There is a relationship between the discourses of the government and the discourses of civil demands. This relationship is either convergent or divergent.
- The patriarchal rule and the rule of the authoritarian government together have put additional pressure on the women's movement.
- The origin of the women's movement in this period was the educated women of the upper middle class in Tehran and the big cities of Iran. Leaders of the movement, publications and women's associations have also been present in several other big cities (apart from Tehran) such as Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Mashhad and Rasht.
- Examining women's publications and relations during this period shows that there was a connection between women's groups in different cities and also women's groups living in Tehran. They were familiar with each other's words and writings, and it seems that there were direct and indirect connections between the activists of the movement.
- The movement was supported by some male intellectuals. It seems that intellectual men influenced by the discourse of modernism, such as Vakil al-Raaya, Mirzadeh Eshghi, and Akhundzadeh mentioned egalitarian ideals.
- The women's movement in this period is generally limited to intellectuals, and considering the conditions of the Iranian society at that time, as well as the power and capabilities of women's rights activists, the ability to publicize women's demands was limited even among the middle classes of Iranian society.
- The women's movement in this period is a demand-oriented movement, and its main demand is around "women's access to education and knowledge acquisition".
- The women's movement in this period has an incoherent structure with limited possibilities and opportunities for activity.
- In this period, the women's movement had a wide connection with nationalism. Despite the limitations faced by women activists at that time, the examination of their activities shows that.