The daily life of human beings is always with dualities such as high and low, north
and south, white and black, have and have not, superior and inferior, better and
worse, ugly and beautiful, pure and impure, strong and weak, oppressor and cruel,
cruel and The oppressed, the worker and the employer, the ruler and the condemned,
the master and the subject, the capitalist and the poor, and the superior and inferior
are tied. The above basic concepts, in terms of agency: as the individual capacity of
individuals for independent social action and making free choices and in relation to
the structural position: are considered to be very effective factors that determine or
limit their individual and social agency and action. they do Therefore, it seems
important and necessary to review and analyze the content of Inferiority studies. In
the late 1980s, the first historians of the Inferiority school of historiography started
writing history with a new perspective as a branch and field of postcolonial studies
(Postcolonialism) along with literary criticism and feminist studies. Shah Beit
project of Subaltern Studies Group (SSG) is the problem of inferiority that considers
the lower layers of society in a way that is not necessarily only made by the logic of
capital. This is the theoretical difference between Inferiority studies and Marxism.
Its theoretical relationship with feminism is that the subordinate has become sexual,
and therefore it is necessary to study it with the help of feminist theory (Spivak,
2000, p324-340). The main goal of the Inferiority study group was to investigate the
effects of colonialism and nationalism on Indian history with a new reading, so that
the lower classes of society and those who had been neglected by historians before
them and how they resisted the elites and colonialism became the main topic of
discussion. Moini Alamdari, 1385: 9). The researchers of this field, although in the
Indian subcontinent (the most populous country in the world, indebted to the caste
system and colonial experience) and under the influence of British historians
affiliated with the Marxist school of history from below, such as Thompson and Eric
Hobsbawm, began to They studied in Inferiority, but they gradually distanced
themselves from this school and in other geographical areas and under the influence
of the thoughts of Michel Foucault, Edward Said and Spivak, they became inclined
towards postmodernism.
Analyzing the problem of inferiority requires choosing a scientific approach and
placing it on the right place in the system of concepts that have been written over
decades and centuries in relation to this comprehensive concept. One of the main
currents in relation to the inferior is the Marxist views of Antonio Gramsci, who
considered inferiority as a central signifier in the focus and used the term inferior for
the first time in an article entitled Notes on the History of Italy and in the form of
class analysis to describe groups like used to be dominated, exploited and
subjugated by the hegemony of the elite ruling classes. According to Gramsci's point
of view, the lower classes can include workers, peasants and other groups that are
prevented from gaining power. He used the word inferior as the equivalent of the
concept of subordinate and as a tool in his description of class, and in his works, he
paid attention to two deficiencies in Marx's thinking at the same time, one of which
is disregard for politics and the other for culture. In general, the history of the
historical lower classes is completely episodic and Gramsci does not extend the
concept of the lower classes to the lower classes of all periods, he differentiates
between the modern and pre-modern lower classes. In his thought, the topic of
inferior social groups or classes does not only include the working class or the
proletariat, but also includes many other components of society. For Gramsci, the
inferior is the central core of his thought.
Considering that the peasant and rural inferior concepts are no longer responsive
to the new types and forms of inferiority of modernity, we are forced to accept that
we must believe in the renewal of the concept of inferiority in the 21st century. A
hegemonic subject who now demands a broader title and dimensions to respond to
the needs that are the fruit of modernity, a subject who is promised equal
opportunities and equal privileges and equal rights. The downtrodden of the modern
age is not limited to one class, but also includes minorities, marginalized social
groups, critics, women, etc., who are always under threat of having their citizenship
rights revoked. It is on this basis that Gramsci considered the economistic approach
in Marxism to be outdated and believed that social groups of the civil society cannot
be brought together under the banner of this approach, because the concept of the
economic class is no longer able to express inequalities and marginalized minorities
and social groups in It does not include, different gender groups, immigrants,
followers of certain religions and sects are elements that do not belong in the same
class, so the concept of inferior should be expanded.
In an article that talks about inferiority and superiority, it is necessary to
emphasize the keyword power as one of the most important and common concepts
in humanities and social sciences, due to its constant presence in social relationships.
Power is an inherent issue of social relations, which is meaningful in one
relationship and by applying it to another, and this mediating property causes the
order of society. In the contemporary general political and philosophical attitude,
power is always considered equivalent to government, and government is considered
the only owner of the privilege of power, and the people lack it. Based on this
attitude, the main conflict in societies is the conflict between the superiors-power
holders and the inferiors-people without power/left on the sidelines. There is another
critical point of view in post-colonial studies, which belongs to the Indian thinker
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. He is one of the most important theorists in the field of
subaltern-feminist studies, who has a critical look at the literature of post-colonial
societies, and his main focus is on the female subaltern, and in fact, the
representation of the voice and mentality of the subaltern, especially women. The
most beautiful and important speech of Spivak is an article entitled "Can the
subjugated people speak"?
As it can be seen from the definitions and opinions of the thinkers and experts of
inferiority studies, the issue of inferiority is a fundamental issue in the daily life of
man, whose important effects and fateful consequences shape the social life of
people in the society. to give Therefore, the researcher by studying the subaltern
literature under the subaltern studies project and a new formulation of these
researches and practical theories related to the research topic as the main goal of the
research, in line with the basic research questions (what are the various dimensions
of modern subaltern? Are the general dimensions Social and political can also be
attached to the citizens of the society, especially the young generation of Iran, as a
stigma of inferiority, along with the common concepts and classifications of
inferiority (economic and sexual), trying to emphasize the importance of the issue.
335 Abstract
Inferiority as a social issue by relying on the multiplicity and diversity of previous
researches, to discover the hidden layers of inferiority in other social and political
levels, and not only sexual and economic, by using the research method of
qualitative content analysis-supercomposition of data, in the range 2009-2024
to pay.

Materials & methods
The current research is a qualitative research with an interpretive approach and
content analysis method, based on the Sandelowski & Barroso Method. This method
has a structured pattern for qualitative analysis of text and extraction of concepts in
the meta-composite method and has a seven-step pattern in the analysis of research
history. The main method of collecting research data is library studies.
The meta-synthesis method is considered a meta-study and a qualitative research
method that uses the information of the findings extracted from the studies of others
in the context of the related subject to answer the main question of the research. The
researcher aims to combine the secondary data obtained from other studies to
respond to the results of his research and obtain new results in the form of
indicators, main concepts and micro categories. In terms of implementation, this
method has seven steps: 1) specifying the primary and main goal; 2) systematic
study of literature (searching for materials and collecting them); 3) searching and
selecting appropriate articles (screening and selecting articles related to research); 4)
research information extraction (disaggregated research results); 5) analysis and
combination of different research results in one component (placing similar
variables in terms of indicators in a category of different research findings); 6)
controlling and evaluating the quality of the category (the correctness of the
category and the connection of the category with the basic concepts from the
scientific and specialized point of view) and 7) presenting the findings of the
combination in the form of a qualitative model (conceptual model). Based on this
model and the method chosen for this research, taking into account the main goal of
the research, which was to review and qualitatively analyze the observed studies of
inferiority, Iran in a certain period of time, using keywords such as subaltern studies,
inferior, superiority, Iran. On the margins of the survivors, women, youth, special
social groups, from among the sources and scientific and reliable interventions
(Google Scholar, Nurmagz and Civilica) to search for books, scientific-research
articles and theses. Graduate studies were paid. Although numerous and diverse
works of over (103) items related to the research topic were observed, but with the
necessary refinement and screening, the majority of items lacking validity and
scientific validity were removed, and the section in table number one (84 items)
corresponds to the inferiority issue. They were selected in Iranian society and
entered the analysis phase as documents.
In addition, considering the requirement of literature review and previous studies
in order to create knowledge and theoretical sensitivity in doing the work of the
doctoral thesis in this field, the study of books on the history of inferiority (Torej
Atabaki, 1401), Government and inferiority - the rise and fall of authoritarian
modernization in Turkey and Iran ( Toraj Atabaki, 1402), narratives of the life of
inferiority in Iran (Yazdani Nasab and Taslimi Tehrani, 1402), which includes a
collection of specialized articles about lived experiences inferiority was also
conducted from categories such as addiction, signs of physical suffering,
marginalized people, religiosity, informal life, informal jobs, the role of the
government, gender, women (infertile) and family.
In the next step, after studying the important books and articles mentioned
below, extracting information containing abstracts and excerpts of previous
researches in the form of coded slips was recorded. In the analysis of texts and
phrases, using qualitative stereotypes, similar and corresponding research results
were formulated and combined in the form of desired categories. In the final step,
after re-examining the information and evaluating the results obtained from
matching them with related basic scientific concepts, the conceptual model of the
research with social, economic, cultural, political, feminist and psychological
components was formed. Each of the mentioned components have been specified
with different and meaningful dimensions, micro and macro concepts, which are
included with full interpretation in the form of table number (2).
Discussion & Reault
The description of the result has been prepared in the form of separate tables, and
due to the large amount of content, its results have been included in the abstract and
discussion section of the article. According to the qualitative data analysis, in the
main text of the article, the analysis and concepts related to the main topic of
inferiority. With a brief definition of these cases, the descriptive findings of the
research in a certain period of time (2009-2024) have shown: the highest number of
inferiority studies in 2023 (31%), in the field of sociology (33.3%). It has been done
with qualitative research method (59.5%) and targeted sampling method (80%).
The abundance of data is based on the fact that the majority of scientific research
conducted in the field of humiliation and scientific research on it by professors and
students of postgraduate courses (master's and doctorate) in the field of social
sciences (sociology, social issues, policy making, development and social welfare)
and language and literature (Persian, Arabic and English).
The issues related to inferiority have been carried out in a targeted manner with
the qualitative research method in order to analyze and investigate the various
problems and harms of this statistical population.

Conclusion
Subaltern studies investigate and analyze the mutual relationship between the
superior class and the subordinate class, and since inferiority has been seen as a
multi-dimensional problem, the main goal of this research was to analyze the
qualitative content and combine the data of related researches in Iran. In this regard,
84 documents were selected for research. Based on this, the content analysis of
relevant texts resulted in the classification of effective and related factors as follows:
A) Social
The content of social inferiority studies in Iran refers to a set of conditions and
inequalities that some groups or people in society face due to various factors such as
gender, social class, ethnicity, religion, etc. This phenomenon can appear in different
ways in the society and lead to issues such as rejection, humiliation or social
feminism. The main concepts of this field are mixed with gender issues and women
who face restrictions in many fields, including social, economic and political rights,
and these gender inequalities are evident in access to job opportunities, education
and political participation.
Economic and social differences between different classes of society can also
lead to inequality in access to resources, services and opportunities. People from
lower classes may have fewer opportunities for personal and social advancement
due to poverty and lack of resources. Ethnic and religious minorities may also face
discrimination and inequality in access to rights and public services, which can also
lead to social and economic marginalization.
Another important issue is education, which lack of access to quality education is
another factor that can aggravate social inferiority. Inequality in the education
system may cause deeper divisions in the society and between its classes. In addition
to these cases, social restrictions and harassment that occur in public spaces may
prevent women from participating in social activities and public arenas such as
stadiums and concerts. Social pressures are also involved here, which increases the
patriarchal society's expectations of women to play certain roles such as motherhood
or housekeeping. Domestic and social violence against women has been observed as
one of the serious problems in Iran, which somehow puts women in a subordinate
position, and many women refuse to report these violence to official and law
enforcement agencies due to fear of consequences or lack of legal protection. they
do Hope is a word that people live with, the feeling of hopelessness towards the
future and the lack of equal and suitable opportunities for personal and social
progress can fuel the psychological inferiority of people in society. In the modern
world, the discussion of virtual space and access to free media is one of the most
important issues in the daily life of citizens, and in the case of unreasonable
restrictions and obstruction of these channels, groups or individuals from the society
will have less access to social media and will be more affected. They find an
informal cognitive space in contrast to alienation from their social identity.
b) Political
Content analysis of political inferiority in Iran refers to a situation in which some
groups, minorities, factions and individuals are deprived of equal rights and
opportunities in the country's society and political system due to their ethnic,
religious, political or social characteristics. This phenomenon can appear in different
ways and have deep effects on people's political and social life. The discussion of
power and hegemony are the basic pillars of subordination, especially in the political
sphere, which are applied by the superior to the inferior in a relationship and are
even reproduced in this process. Legal restrictions are among the things that exist for
many religious, ethnic and gender minorities, and they face restrictions in the field
of political, social and cultural activities, which examples of these restrictions can
include the impossibility of running in elections or participating in political
activities. be Monitoring the behavior and clothing of women due to the existence of
non-interactive atmosphere and cultural policies can strengthen the feeling of
inferiority in them. With the supervision of official institutions in Iran, the
imposition of censorship and restrictions on video and audio media, and even
tightening the control of some dissidents, many critical voices and views cannot be
expressed freely, which can weaken democracy, the lack of formation of a An open
339 Abstract
political atmosphere leads to the weakening of public participation as well as low
political participation in the society. The existence of discrimination and restrictions
in employment matters and specific job opportunities is one of the cases that
deprived the group, ethnicity or the opposing political movement from these job and
employment opportunities, which can ultimately fuel economic and social
inequalities. The lack of representation in decision-making institutions for social and
political and even ethnic and religious groups in government and policy-making
institutions may lead to disregard of their needs and demands, which weakens or
lacks the presence and voice of this part of the society. It will follow the necessities
of their inferiority. The role of the government as a political institution, the ruling
ideology, the conflict of interests and political opposition and the existence of a
general top-down perspective provide the grounds for human inferiority in the
modern era, such as political literature in which women are active in social and
political fields. It is said that they may face repression and restrictions and even their
activities may be hindered.
c) Cultural
Studies of cultural inferiority in Iran indicate that some traditions, practices,
customs and cultural beliefs may benefit certain classes or groups and put others in
unequal and disadvantaged situations. Cultural, ethnic, sexual, linguistic, religious or
social characteristics are among the factors that are evident in this field and put
marginalized groups or people under pressure or discrimination, and from its deep
consequences on daily life and identity. People of the society cannot be oblivious.
One issue is the issue of ethnic identity, which has happened to various groups and
minorities and are subject to discrimination and neglect of their cultural identity,
which can include restrictions on holding ceremonies, celebrations and cultural
activities such as collective drumming ceremonies in Iranian Kurdistan. . Another
important cultural factor that is inextricably linked with identity and culture is
language and dialect. Since the official language of the country (Persian) is often
recognized as the standard language, linguistic minorities such as Kurds, Baluchs,
Turks and Arabs may face restrictions in accessing education and media, which can
lead to marginalization. become the culture of other languages, which is clearly
evident in the conducted research, that the majority of studies are organized with
Persian language. These are the traditions, customs and ceremonies that have formed
the main structure of the culture, so some traditions and customs that benefit certain
groups, by themselves, put other groups in discriminatory and unequal situations,
which can also be lead to the weakening of the cultural identity of the minorities of
the Iranian society. Just as the discussion of the education of inferiority is considered
one of the important axes of research in the macro-social, cultural, economic and
political fields, it should be said: the system If education is designed to ignore or
distort the culture and history of certain groups, it can lead to cultural inferiority.
The field of religion and knowledge has a wide and important discussion in Iran's
mixed society with religiosity, which has been accompanied by many ups and
downs, and some intellectuals and religious dissidents, or followers of unofficial
religions or religious minorities (such as Baha'is, Zoroastrians, etc.) ) faces legal and
social restrictions and discrimination, which can have negative effects on their
identity and personal and social life. In the field of cultural and cross-cultural
psychology, the issue of lack of access and lack of counseling services,
psychological treatment related to cultural taboos about mental health is raised,
which can prevent people from receiving appropriate help and the grounds of their
humiliation, inferiority and rejection. to bring along The existence of traditional
attitudes that include cultural and social beliefs define traditional roles for women
and limit them to certain areas.
d) economic
In studies of economic inferiority of Iran, a situation has been observed in which
groups, minorities or individuals are deprived of equal access to economic
resources, job opportunities, welfare and desirable life facilities due to social,
gender, ethnic, religious or political characteristics. It is very clear that this issue has
direct and indirect consequences on the life of people in the society. Disorganized
and unproductive social and economic conditions can even lead to an increase in
depression and anxiety in the society, and these psychological problems can affect
the quality of life of different strata of people. It has been proven that the high rate
of poverty and income inequality in Iran, especially in low-privileged, marginal and
rural areas, fuels economic inferiority, which can lead to lack of access to health,
educational and social services. lead to The lack of optimal access to financial
resources is one of the unavoidable cases in the field of economy, because the lowincome
groups of society, the unemployed and unstable jobs, and even some
minorities, may not be able to access financial resources and necessary support such
as loans and bank facilities. that this can prevent self-sufficiency, entrepreneurship,
business development and micro and macro economic activities. The keywords of
work, employment and ownership are fundamentally related to the economic field,
therefore there are restrictions and discrimination in the access of some groups to
work and ownership of property, especially people on the margins of society,
villagers, suburbanites, youth or ethnic and religious minorities. It has caused the
lack of access to public or private jobs and suitable job opportunities for these
groups, which in the economic structure of the society, leads these people to
economic inferiority. The issue of economic inequalities has a meaningful
relationship with the feminist approach, because women say that they face
discrimination in the labor market such as lower wages, more limited job
opportunities, and lack of access to managerial jobs, and these inequalities are the
basis of women's economic dependence on men. It provides in such a way that the
woman is placed against the powerful man as the needy sex.