Who are Iranians is one of the challenging issues that any response to it brings practical consequences. The present study has considered the issue of Iranian identity or the response to who are Iranians from a cultural perspective. The main goal of the present study is to explain the harmonious components of Islam and nationality in Iranian identity based on Ali Shariati's perspective. To achieve this goal, the researcher first determines the fundamental components of the structure of Iranian nationality in Ali Shariati's perspective; namely, common history, common race, common culture, and common language, and then, by applying the deductive method or practical analogy, deduces more detailed components from the fundamental components according to the situation of Iranian society. The deductive components include: national myths of ancient Iran, Persian language, culture of Iranian tribes, and national rituals of ancient Iran. In the next step, the harmony of each of the deductive components is examined at two levels of "confirmation" and "non-conflict" with Islamic sources.