Introduction
Happiness is one of the deepest and most excellent human positive emotions, which today, the necessity and possibility of understanding and recognizing it at the individual and collective levels, has turned it into one of the most attractive and challenging fields of research. However, despite the serious controversies in the field of defining and measuring happiness, A few studies has addressed the ontological and methodological issues of this issue. The purpose of this research is to compare two different questionnaires (Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and Islamic Happiness Questionnaire) that each claim to measure happiness, with a curious and exploratory look, the level of happiness and its components in a common target society (students of Yazd University). The conceptual framework of the research is based on the analytical dualities of the ontology of happiness, which include "biological-psychological"/"cultural-historical" dimensions (in the Positive dimension) and "hedonistic"/" virtuous" dimensions (in the normative dimension).
Materials & Methods
This research is descriptive in terms of the type of goal it pursues and fundamental in terms of the direction of the research. Also, the research design is a survey type and the data collection tool is structured questionnaires whose validity and reliability have already been confirmed. The statistical population of the research includes all students studying in Yazd University from all faculties in both undergraduate and graduate levels, from whom a sample of 384 people was extracted. Stratified random sampling method was used to reach the sample people. The tools used in this research are two questionnaires of Oxford happiness and Islamic happiness. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire made by Argyle, et al (1989) contains 29 items that were first translated into Persian by Alipour and Nurbala (1999) and its validity and reliability have been confirmed. The Islamic happiness questionnaire is derived from Pasandideh (2012), which includes 44 items, and its validity has been confirmed by Morshidi, et al (2020).
Discussion & Result
The results of the analyzes showed that first, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the average scores of the two questionnaires is equal to 0.68, which is a significant value (at the error level of 0.01) and secondly, the average scores of the students from the Islamic questionnaire (3.76 in the range of 1-5) It is significantly different from their average scores in Oxford happiness (3.07 in the range of 1-5) and is a relatively larger number. Further tests also showed that there is no significant relationship between the variables of gender, age and level of education on the one hand and both the variables of Oxford and Islamic happiness on the other hand. Although the relationship between marital status and Oxford happiness is insignificant, this variable has a significant relationship with the Islamic questionnaire in such a way that according to this questionnaire, married people have a higher level of happiness than single people.
Conclusion
One of the possible reasons for the lower average scores of Oxford happiness compared to Islamic happiness is that in the Oxford questionnaire, a large number of questions are accompanied by words such as "always", "everything", "anything", "anyone", and the like which creates a higher expectation in respondents compared to more balanced questions. Also, using words such as "being extremely happy", "considering the world a great place", "having endless energy", “being on top of the world", "having the ability to do anything" and... in the Oxford questionnaire indicating emotions and feelings that has a high level of arousal. In contrast, the Islamic questionnaire contains items that are often associated with balance, calmness and patience. Another cultural factor in psychometric research is the difference in the degree of "individualism" and "collectivism"(Oishi, 2000). The comparison of the items of the Oxford and Islamic questionnaires also represents this difference. another important cross-cultural difference that should be considered in relation to the measurement of happiness (and other emotions) is The degree of valuing happiness and the desire to feel good and happy in different cultures. People generally tend to be in tune with the norms of their society. Happiness seems to be recognized in Western culture as an independent emotion from other emotions for people, But in the culture of the Eastern societies, this feeling is often understood together with other feelings and is represented in their daily life.